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            <gco:CharacterString>Limite terre-mer - Département Charente-Maritime (17)</gco:CharacterString>
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        <gco:CharacterString>La Limite terre-mer correspond à la laisse des plus hautes mers astronomiques (PHMA) dans le cas d’une marée de coefficient 120 et dans des conditions météorologiques normales (pas de vent du large et pression atmosphérique moyenne de 1013 hPa).
L’obtention de cette ligne géométrique se définit naturellement comme l’intersection d’un modèle de PHMA (étendu à la côte et aux fonds d’estuaires) s’appuyant sur les surfaces Bathyelli disponibles, et d’un modèle numérique de terrain haute résolution du littoral.
Cette limite, qui correspond aussi à la limite haute du rivage en matérialisant le haut de l’estran, prend en compte, lorsqu’elles existent, les 3 limites maritimes administratives que sont : la limite transversale de la mer (LTM), la limite de salure des eaux (LSE) et la limite des affaires maritimes (LAM).
Cette limite est mesurée (cotée) par rapport aux zéros hydrographiques locaux ainsi que par rapport au zéro des altitudes (IGN69 et IGN78 en Corse). Le rattachement aux autres références (niveau moyen, ellipsoïde) est connu. 
Le produit Limite terre-mer, issu principalement de l'exploitation des deux produits Litto3D®/RGEALTI® et Bathyelli, représente, à une résolution métrique (1 à 5 mètres), cette entité théorique par un ensemble de polylignes 2D décrivant la nature de la côte (artificielle ou naturelle, rocheuse ou sableuse, escarpée ou basse, etc.).
La méthode de construction de la Limite terre-mer permet de produire une limite continue, homogène et cohérente spatialement à l’échelle de l’ensemble du littoral français métropolitain.</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#EN">The land-sea limit corresponds to the Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) in the case of a tide of coefficient 120 and under normal meteorological conditions (no offshore wind and mean atmospheric pressure of 1013 hPa).
This geometric line is naturally defined as the intersection of a HAT model (extended to the coast and the top end of the upper estuary) based on the available Bathyelli surfaces, and a high-resolution digital terrain model of the coastal area.
It corresponds to the highest limit of the intertidal area and takes into account, when they exist, the 3 administrative maritime limits which are: the transversal limit of the sea (LTM), the salt water limit (LSE) and the limit of maritime jurisdiction (LAM).
This limit is measured (quoted) in relation to the local hydrographic chart datum and to the levels of reference for France (IGN69 and IGN78 for Corsica). Relations to other levels of reference (mean sea level and ellipsoid) are known.
The land-sea limit product, mainly results from the exploitation of the two products Litto3D®/RGEALTI® and Bathyelli, and represents, with a metric resolution (1 to 5 metres), this theoretical entity by a set of 2D polylines describing the nature of the coast (artificial or natural, rocky or sandy, steep or flat, etc.).
The method used for calculating the land-sea limit makes it possible to produce a continuous, homogeneous and spatially coherent limit on the entire French metropolitan coastal area.</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Dans sa dimension planimétrique, le produit Limite terre-mer est conçu pour une utilisation, de façon analogique, à partir de l'échelle 1:2 000 ; mais il faut impérativement consulter l'attribut POSACC (incertitude planimétrique) avant toute utilisation à très grande échelle.
Dans sa dimension altimétrique l'attention de l'utilisateur est attirée sur la nécessité de consulter impérativement l'attribut VERACC (incertitude altimétrique combinant les incertitudes du MNT et de la PHMA).
Cependant, la connaissance de la PHMA n’étant pas exhaustive sur tout le territoire (fleuves, fonds de lagunes…), les 3 limites maritimes administratives sont identifiées (attribut « limarc » au passage de la Limite terre-mer) et utilisées pour les fermetures. Attention, certaines limites maritimes administratives, bien que définies par décrets, présentent des incertitudes planimétriques de plusieurs centaines de mètres (commenté dans l’attribut « descrp »). La spécification du produit Limite terre-mer détaille par ailleurs les partis-pris concernant les limites maritimes administratives.
La Limite terre-mer n'est pas destinée à être utilisée à des échelles supérieures à celle indiquée.
La Limite terre-mer n'a pas été conçue pour développer ou renseigner des indicateurs d'artificialisation du littoral ; d'autres approches sont adoptées dans le cadre de la Directive-cadre "stratégie pour le milieu marin". Cependant, de par sa conception identifiant la limite naturelle et la limite artificielle, elle peut contribuer efficacement au résultat d’exhaustivité dans ce domaine.
La Limite terre-mer n'a pas été conçue en vue d'être utilisée dans le fonctionnement d'installations nucléaires, de systèmes de navigation ou de communication aériennes, de systèmes de navigation ou de contrôle de trafic aérien ou tout autre domaine désigné sous l'appellation "activités dangereuses", dès lors qu'une défaillance du produit pourrait provoquer la mort, des dommages corporels ou de graves dommages physiques ou environnementaux.</gco:CharacterString>
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                <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#EN">In its planimetric dimension, the land-sea limit product is designed for use, in an analogous way, at scales smaller than 1:2 000; but it is imperative to consult the attribute POSACC (planimetric uncertainty) before any use at a very large scale.
In its altimetric dimension, the user attention is drawn to the necessity to consult the VERACC attribute (altimetric uncertainty combining the DTM and HAT uncertainties). 
However, the knowledge of the HAT not being exhaustive on the entire territory (rivers, end of estuaries…), the 3 administrative maritime limits are identified (attribute "limarc" at the passage of the land-sea limit) and used for the closings. Note that some administrative maritime limits, although defined by decrees, present planimetric uncertainties of several hundred metres (commented in the attribute "descrp"). The land-sea limit product specification also explains the choices made concerning the administrative maritime limits.
The land-sea limit is not intended to be used at scales larger than indicated.
The land-sea limit has not been designed to develop or populate indicators of coastline artificialization; other approaches have been adopted under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. However, because of its design that identifies the natural and the artificial limit, it can effectively contribute to reach completeness in this area.
The land-sea limit has not been designed for use in the operation of nuclear facilities, air navigation or communications systems, navigation or air traffic control systems, or any other area referred to as "hazardous activities", where a failure of the product could result in death, personal injury or serious physical or environmental damage.</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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            <gco:CharacterString>Les MNT source utilisés pour le calcul de la Limite terre-mer sont les suivants :
- Nuages de points LiDAR topo, bathy ou mixte topo/bathy du programme Litto3D® : il s'agit d'un semis de points produit par le Shom ou l’IGN dans le cadre du programme Litto3D® à partir de vols LiDAR topographique "pur", bathymétrique "pur" ou mixte topographique et bathymétrique.
LiDAR topographique "pur" : la densité de mesure est d’au moins 2 points/m2.
LiDAR bathymétrique "pur" : la densité de mesure, à terre et en mer est de 3 à 4 points/25 m2 en moyenne ; cette densité augmente régulièrement avec l'arrivée de nouveaux capteurs sur le marché.
LiDAR mixte : la densité de mesure en mer varie entre 1 point/m2 (dans les très petits fonds) et 1 point/25m2 (au-delà). La densité des mesures à terre (estran et environnement de la Limite terre-mer) est supérieure (4 points/m2).
Ces données sont nettoyées de tout "sursol".
- Autres nuages de points LiDAR topo, bathy ou mixte topo/bathy : il s’agit d’un semis de points produit par le Shom ou l’IGN en dehors du programme Litto3D® à partir de vols LiDAR et selon des spécifications au moins aussi exigeantes. 
- MNT Litto3D® : il s'agit du modèle altimétrique (maillage 1 m) généré par l'IGN et le Shom résultant de la fusion des acquisitions LiDAR topo et bathy.
- MNT RGE ALTI® : il s'agit du référentiel MNT haute résolution (maillage de 1 m) de l’IGN, élaboré à partir d’acquisitions LiDAR topographiques sur le littoral.
- Autres MNT : d’autres MNT "locaux" peuvent être utilisés (photogrammétrie Shom, MNT locaux GRID ou TIN issus de levés par drone, etc.).
Au-delà de cette liste par ordre de préférence, les données de la meilleure actualité sont privilégiées.
La surface de la PHMA est élaborée par le Shom à partir de deux sources "étendue à l'intérieur des terres" :
- soit à partir du produit Bathyelli, complété par des données récentes issues des bases de données marée/courant du Shom et constantes harmoniques, pour la métropole ;
- soit issue d'un autre modèle de marée ou autres sources (Références Altimétriques Maritimes, fiche d'observatoire de marée), prenant en compte les dernières observations in situ.
Le type de la limite (artificiel ou naturel) et la nature (sable, roche, etc.) sont renseignés à partir des autres sources de données disponibles (OrtholittoraleV2, BDORTHO®, imagerie oblique du Shom, etc.) ; il s’agit également de différencier les côtes hautes et basses, si besoin à l'aide d'un modèle de pente dérivé du MNT littoral.
Par ailleurs, les 3 limites maritimes administratives contribuent à la cohérence de la Limite terre-mer dans les fleuves et les lagunes.</gco:CharacterString>
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                <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#EN">The source DTMs used to calculate the land-sea limit are the following:
- LiDAR topo, bathy or mixed topo/bathy point clouds from the Litto3D® programme: these are point clouds produced by Shom or IGN as part of the Litto3D® programme from "pure" topographic, "pure" bathymetric or mixed topographic and bathymetric LiDAR flights.
"Pure" topographic LiDAR: the measurement density is at least 2 points/m2.
"Pure" bathymetric LiDAR: the measurement density, on land and at sea, is 3 to 4 points/25 m2 on average; this density increases regularly with the arrival of new sensors on the market.
Mixed LiDAR: the density of measurements at sea varies between 1 point/m2 (in the very shallow waters) and 1 point/25m2 (beyond). The density of measurements on land (intertidal area and land-sea limit area) is higher (4 points/m2).
These data have been cleaned of any "overground".
- Other LiDAR topo, bathy or mixed topo/bathy point clouds: these are point clouds produced by Shom or IGN outside the Litto3D® programme from LiDAR flights and according to specifications that are at least as demanding as the previous ones. 
- Litto3D® DTM: it is the elevation model (1 m grid) generated by IGN and Shom resulting from the fusion of LiDAR topo and bathy acquisitions.
- RGE ALTI® DTM: it is the IGN high-resolution DTM reference (1 m grid), produced from topographic LiDAR acquisitions on the coast.
- Other DTMs: other "local" DTMs can be used (Shom photogrammetry, local GRID or TIN DTMs from drone surveys, etc.).
Beyond this list in order of preference, the most up-to-date data is preferred.
The HAT surface is compiled by Shom from two "inland extent" sources:
- either from the Bathyelli product, supplemented by recent data from Shom tide/current and harmonic constants databases, for France metropolitan area;
- or from another tidal model or other sources (Maritime Altimetric References, tide station record sheet), taking into account the latest in situ observations.
The type of boundary (artificial or natural) and the nature (sand, rock, etc.) are populated from other available data sources (OrtholittoraleV2, BDORTHO®, Shom oblique imagery, etc.); it is also a question of differentiating between high and low coasts, if necessary using a slope model derived from the coastal DTM.
In addition, the 3 administrative maritime limits contribute to the coherence of the land-sea limit in the rivers and lagoons.</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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